Independent Chinese readability and correspondence with the English Atlas are examined together—without forced equivalence or invented untranslatability.
176/176 entries covered176 currently transferable from English, with explanation where needed1 entries with a specific source-review issue
“Translate directly” is a provisional judgement about these translated fields, not a claim of universally identical concepts. Direct translation may remain useful alongside linguistic or cultural comparison. “Review” does not identify a proven conceptual gap in Chinese.
Translate directly 53
The provisional translation carries the analysis described in the profile; it does not establish universal equivalence.
Explain the language-specific mechanism 50
The concept can be explained, but its word form, grammar, sound or example cannot silently be replaced.
Add conceptual and cultural comparison 29
Translation remains possible; additional theoretical or historical differences should be made visible.
Review the source or terminology 44
A specific source, scope or terminology issue remains open. This does not mean Chinese cannot express the thought.
176 of 176 entries shown
AT-CORE-238-015 · Translate directly
Context ↔ 语境
The Chinese text preserves the three contextual dimensions and the contingent praise–irony contrast without claiming a Chinese reception study.
AT-CORE-239-060 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Syntax ↔ 句法
The definition translates directly, while the binocular attachment is demonstrated in English rather than falsely recreated as identical Chinese syntax.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Original English sentence with two proposed attachments, explained in Chinese.
Reciprocal insight
Different attachment resources reveal formal differences, not different capacities to think.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-SEM-0002 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Polysemy ↔ 多义
Related senses are directly explainable in Chinese, but mouth and bat must remain English forms rather than being replaced by unrelated Chinese labels.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
English mouth/bat examples; Chinese glosses explain senses, not identical forms.
Reciprocal insight
Different lexical partitions clarify form and semantic relatedness without implying an absence of ambiguity or thought.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
指称性意义 marks the source's broad scope but is not a settled cross-theoretical equivalent of denotation; reference, extension and descriptive content remain distinct.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Translated animal-label and deictic examples without selecting one formal denotation theory.
Reciprocal insight
Technical words can be compared by theoretical job rather than by presumed lexical shortage.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The accepted source correction or scope clarification is incorporated in this unpublished integration candidate. The previous issue is retained in its version history; the Chinese follow-up remains a translation draft requiring specialist review.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Original English attachment examples; the telescope contrast is clearer than the disputed translator reading.
Reciprocal insight
Translation can expose an original illustration's weakness instead of attributing it to language difference.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The accepted source correction or scope clarification is incorporated in this unpublished integration candidate. The previous issue is retained in its version history; the Chinese follow-up remains a translation draft requiring specialist review.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Translated frame example; the English arose counterexample remains an explicit review item.
Reciprocal insight
Distinguishing conventional imagery from active metaphor can improve the English analysis as well as Chinese explanation.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-091-004 · Add conceptual and cultural comparison
Metonymy ↔ 转喻
转喻 translates metonymy without identifying its full scope with every traditional 借代 classification; institutional and authorisation conditions remain explicit.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
English White House illustration explained; no Chinese terminology history newly established.
Reciprocal insight
借代, metonymy and part–whole cases reveal differing classification boundaries without inventing separate cognitive procedures.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The explanatory title preserves negation of the contrary without claiming a settled Chinese technical label; emphasis remains distinct from weak possibility.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Translated evaluative example and possibility counter-test, not every double negative.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese and English paraphrases can expose different strengths of assent and refine the figure's boundaries.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The accepted source correction or scope clarification is incorporated in this unpublished integration candidate. The previous issue is retained in its version history; the Chinese follow-up remains a translation draft requiring specialist review.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Transferable subject/object reversal; the counterexample remains an editorial boundary issue.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions can distinguish repeated words, syntactic roles and more abstract semantic crossing.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-103-001 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Anaphora ↔ 首语重复（修辞）
首语重复 explains the figure, but the third Chinese sentence repeats only 我们 initially, not the complete English We wait sequence; the formal demonstration is partly reduced.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Translated initial series with a partly reduced span of repeated wording; no correction made.
Reciprocal insight
The comparison separates understandable translation from preservation of the very form being analysed.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The accepted source correction or scope clarification is incorporated in this unpublished integration candidate. The previous issue is retained in its version history; the Chinese follow-up remains a translation draft requiring specialist review.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Form-conscious positive example; disputed English counterexample not treated as a verified non-figure.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions must justify positional recurrence separately from contextual effect.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The accepted source correction or scope clarification is incorporated in this unpublished integration candidate. The previous issue is retained in its version history; the Chinese follow-up remains a translation draft requiring specialist review.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Definition from German inside the English record; example and counterexample from English.
Reciprocal insight
反问 and 设问 assist functional comparison, but the English source definition first needs to exist as English.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The information-source distinction translates clearly, but 示证性 and 传信范畴 require terminological review; the example does not establish obligatory evidential grammar in Mandarin.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Translated inference/report contrasts, not a newly described Chinese grammatical paradigm.
Reciprocal insight
Source access and confidence can be separated even when their linguistic resources differ.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
言后效果 captures the definition's result focus; alternative act-based terminology should not be silently equated with it. Actual consequence remains distinct from intention.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Translated physician/patient miniature, not medical advice or an effectiveness study.
Reciprocal insight
Performed act, intended outcome and actual consequence can be distinguished in both editions.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-PHO-W0076 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Prosody ↔ 韵律（prosody）
韵律 conveys the general organisation, but English contours cannot supply a Chinese question-intonation rule; lexical tone and utterance contour require separate analysis.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Original English You are coming with explained contours; no Mandarin audio experiment.
Reciprocal insight
Tone-language and English intonation examples reveal distinct prosodic levels that can interact.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
可撤销推理 preserves warranted default assumptions and revision; 预设 in the example must not automatically be read as the separate linguistic presupposition concept.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Translated office/night-shift scenario, not new statistics or an actual occupancy check.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions distinguish revisable support from arbitrary opinion change and can sharpen their metalanguage.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
语法化 preserves possible functional change and its historical evidence requirement; the unspecified motion-verb example is not a verified Chinese pathway.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Hypothetical development schema without newly dated intermediate uses or Chinese first attestations.
Reciprocal insight
Both audiences can propose comparable pathways and then require independent historical evidence for each.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-W3-0320 · Add conceptual and cultural comparison
Performativity ↔ 施为性（performativity）
施为性 conveys institutional enactment, but this example does not replace all philosophical or cultural-theoretical uses of performativity, nor automatically equal 表演性.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Translated meeting-opening and rehearsal examples, not universal institutional procedures.
Reciprocal insight
Comparison asks which conditions make enactment recognised instead of assuming verbal magic or identical authority.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
重新分析 preserves structural reinterpretation under an initially unchanged surface and distinguishes it from a single misparse without inventing a Chinese history.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Unspecified structural development schema requiring later evidence.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions can investigate new boundaries without treating a possible analysis as an already proven historical change.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-091-043 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Topicalization ↔ 前置式话题化（本条限定德语）
The accepted source correction or scope clarification is incorporated in this unpublished integration candidate. The previous issue is retained in its version history; the Chinese follow-up remains a translation draft requiring specialist review.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Two original German fronting sentences, not an invented movement history for Chinese topics.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese topic structures separate discourse function from fronting, while German supplies concrete position diagnostics.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-SYN-W0146 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Focus ↔ 焦点（focus）
焦点 preserves the question–alternative relation rather than loudness; English stress remains an original-language demonstration, not Chinese phonetic evidence.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Original English person-focus example, not identical Chinese accent placement.
Reciprocal insight
A shared answer task can reveal different combinations of accent, construction and word order.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-091-048 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Valency ↔ 配价（valency）
配价 conveys selected complement positions, but English give/give away must not be treated as identical to the constructions and omissions available with Chinese 给.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Original English give/give-away sentences separating roles from expressed positions.
Reciprocal insight
Both systems can distinguish semantic participation, grammatical complement position and an actually uttered phrase.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
论元配置 marks an explanatory scope rather than a settled universal diathesis/voice terminology; English passive mapping and German impersonal passive remain separate demonstrations.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Original English door sentences and German Hier wird getanzt with explanation.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese 被 constructions can challenge a simple role-swap formula without replacing German and English evidence.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-SYN-0002 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Passive voice ↔ 被动语态（passive voice）
The accepted source correction or scope clarification is incorporated in this unpublished integration candidate. The previous issue is retained in its version history; the Chinese follow-up remains a translation draft requiring specialist review.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Original English sealing sentence; the Chinese gloss is not a new 被-construction analysis.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions can test mapping and inferred concealment without restricting every 被 use to harmful events.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-SYN-0001 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Ellipsis ↔ 省略（ellipsis）
省略 preserves linguistic recoverability while distinguishing English predicate gapping from every unexpressed Chinese argument or context-based inference.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Original English predicate gapping; no identical Chinese gapping structure asserted.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese omission possibilities sharpen the difference between syntactic reconstruction and pragmatic recoverability.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-CORE-243-022 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Nominalisation ↔ 名词化（nominalisation）
名词化 conveys nominal presentation and possible backgrounding of agency while retaining approved/approval instead of equating every 的 construction with it.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Original English verb/nominal forms and the-table counter-test; concealment is not automatic.
Reciprocal insight
Different nominalisation resources let functional compression and morphological formation be examined separately.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-CORE-239-032 · Review the source or terminology
Compounding ↔ 复合构词（compounding）
复合构词 is usable, but the Atlas inclusion of free and bound stems differs from Packard's compounding/composition distinction; this is a framework difference, not automatic error.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Original English inkwell and phrase comparison; spelling adjacency is not the sole diagnostic.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese bound roots sharpen English category boundaries while preserving the shared word-versus-phrase question.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-088-007 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Derivation ↔ 派生构词（derivation）
派生构词 conveys new-lexeme formation while readable/unreadable and reads retain the English formal evidence; 可读/不可读 cannot simply inherit its affix analysis.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Original English base/affix sequence; the circular short definition is concretised through its example.
Reciprocal insight
Word class, inflection, lexeme formation and bound-root status each require their own diagnostics.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-091-021 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Reduplication ↔ 重叠（reduplication）
The accepted source correction or scope clarification is incorporated in this unpublished integration candidate. The previous issue is retained in its version history; the Chinese follow-up remains a translation draft requiring specialist review.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Unnamed productive copying schema; the legacy German Tag für Tag opening does not automatically meet the narrow condition.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese action-quantity limitation shows why repetition need not mean intensification, while morphological diagnosis clarifies textual figures.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
话语小词 is explanatory and keeps its boundaries with sentence-final particles and discourse markers open; English well does not become a formal equivalent of unstressed German ja.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Original English well and independently responding yes remain positionally identifiable.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese sentence-final particles and English markers permit functional comparison without one shared word class.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The accepted source correction or scope clarification is incorporated in this unpublished integration candidate. The previous issue is retained in its version history; the Chinese follow-up remains a translation draft requiring specialist review.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
English very/even demonstrate different operations; Chinese degree adverbs and focus items are not merged.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese explanation exposes an abbreviated English label and distinguishes property degree from expectation rank in both editions.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
语音学 retains the explicit spoken-language scope and distinguishes physical variation from lexical contrast without treating written forms as articulatory evidence.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Generic duration-variation example, not Chinese measurements or a definition for every modality.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions can ask about measurement versus linguistic function before comparing particular sounds.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-PHO-0002 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Phoneme ↔ 音位（phoneme）
音位 translates the language-specific contrast category, but English pin/bin and /p,b/ do not supply pronunciation rules for Pinyin b,p or identical Mandarin categories.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Original English minimal pair; Mandarin aspiration is a separate source comparison.
Reciprocal insight
Different sound categories distinguish written labels, acoustic properties and phonemic function for both audiences.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-133-042 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Allophone ↔ 音位变体（allophone）
The suspected allophone error was not confirmed: context can include social and stylistic conditions. The profile remains unchanged; the existing Chinese explanation should be read with the deeper account.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Unnamed aspiration schema, explicitly not a Mandarin analysis.
Reciprocal insight
One acoustic difference can be variant-realisation in one system and lexical contrast in another without ranking speakers' abilities.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-103-005 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Minimal pair ↔ 最小对立对（minimal pair）
The accepted source correction or scope clarification is incorporated in this unpublished integration candidate. The previous issue is retained in its version history; the Chinese follow-up remains a translation draft requiring specialist review.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Original English pin/bin; insertion/deletion cases and tone contrasts are not treated as uncontested equivalents.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions can specify what remains constant and which dimension changes instead of counting letters.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-103-006 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Phonotactics ↔ 音系配列（phonotactics）
音系配列 conveys system-specific combination conditions; the unnamed loanword is not Chinese evidence, and articulatory possibility remains distinct from linguistic distribution.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Generic loanword vowel-insertion scenario, not a real Chinese borrowing history.
Reciprocal insight
Different inventories reveal convention and adaptation rather than limits on thought or basic human articulatory capacity.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-088-003 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Syllable ↔ 音节（syllable）
音节 conveys the sound unit, with 响度 clarified as sonority rather than loudness; English atlas remains distinct from German Sprache and Chinese character structure.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
English atlas as a two-syllable example; no character=syllable=morpheme equation.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese script comparison separates units, while the alphabetic example shows why letter groups alone do not explain syllables.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The Chinese draft preserves the distinction between laryngeal mechanism, perceived voice quality and clinical diagnosis. Its explanatory heading does not equate phonation with articulation generally.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An unnamed language contrasts modal and breathy phonation; no new Mandarin finding or diagnosis.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions can separate physiological cause, acoustic measurement and linguistic function.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-144-006 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Lexical tone ↔ 词汇声调（lexical tone）
The invented ma contrast remains explicitly fictional rather than acquiring supposed Mandarin meanings. The lexical-tone heading and the short definition's reference to grammatical forms retain their scope tension.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An invented tone language; actual Mandarin contrasts need separate evidence.
Reciprocal insight
Mandarin evidence can enrich contextual realisation, while the model prevents identifying a familiar syllable with a particular word.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The system-level definition transfers provisionally well. The note correctly retains intonation within tone languages and avoids treating a Mandarin inventory as exhaustive for all Chinese varieties.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An abstract relative-pitch contrast without a named language or universally fixed tone count.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions gain by separating relative contrast, sandhi and intonation rather than presenting tone as an exotic capacity.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The accepted source correction or scope clarification is incorporated in this unpublished integration candidate. The previous issue is retained in its version history; the Chinese follow-up remains a translation draft requiring specialist review.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An unnamed single-high-tone system; no new classification of Japanese or Mandarin.
Reciprocal insight
Language-specific distributions can test stress, prominence and tone models without ranking systems by cognitive completeness.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-PHO-W0054 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Accent ↔ 韵律突显／重音（accent）
REcord/reCORD must remain an English form contrast. The explanatory Chinese heading captures broad prominence rather than the everyday meaning of accent as a way of speaking associated with a place.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
English accent placement with variation acknowledged; no Chinese word-accent recording.
Reciprocal insight
Both sides can separate acoustic prominence, focus function, lexical identity and attribution of geographical origin.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-091-017 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Intonation ↔ 语调（intonation）
The draft preserves the English contours and their possible rather than necessary conversational functions. Chinese wording or punctuation does not establish matching Mandarin intonation.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An English rise/fall contrast dependent on context, variety and production.
Reciprocal insight
Tone-language evidence directs comparison to simultaneous pitch layers without denying intonation to any group.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-DEP1-0026 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Sentence intonation ↔ 句子语调（sentence intonation）
The English echo question and come/came remain source-language evidence. The note preserves overlap with the intonation entry instead of creating an artificial conceptual separation.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
English utterance contours and a morphological counterexample; no universal rising-tone question rule.
Reciprocal insight
Both versions can annotate sentence type, conversational action, word form and contour independently.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The definition of a writing system as signs plus rules transfers well. The Chinese note correctly separates script, language, typeface and levels of linguistic representation.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A general script-change model, not a newly demonstrated lossless transcription method.
Reciprocal insight
Mixed coding principles challenge both alphabet-centred and purely ideographic descriptions.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-CORE-238-054 · Add conceptual and cultural comparison
Written character ↔ 文字符号（written character）
The 山 example requires separating a conventional written character from a picture. The Chinese note adds a necessary limit: three strokes do not establish three independent semantic components.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Present-day 山 as a conventional form, not a new reconstruction of its entire history.
Reciprocal insight
A Chinese reading perspective exposes pictorial shortcuts in the English example; general sign analysis keeps written character broader than Han character.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-DEP3-0003 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Alphabetic writing ↔ 字母文字（alphabetic writing）
The ship/sh contrast is English grapheme–sound evidence, not something preserved by replacing ship with 船. The Chinese version retains the rejection of a hierarchy of writing systems.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
English digraphy; Pinyin is a separate comparison and does not make Han characters alphabetic.
Reciprocal insight
Alphabetic irregularity and Chinese phonographic features can jointly unsettle a simple picture-versus-sound opposition.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-CORE-239-053 · Add conceptual and cultural comparison
History of writing ↔ 文字史（history of writing）
The Kurrent/Sütterlin sketch remains a German transmission example. Translating it supplies neither Chinese script history nor proof of a simple exclusive lineage among the named forms.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
German handwriting and school-script history without added dates; the alphabet is not an inevitable endpoint.
Reciprocal insight
Different reform and readability histories support comparison of form, access and transmission without assuming identical developments.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-CORE-239-014 · Review the source or terminology
Epigraphy ↔ 铭刻研究（epigraphy）
铭刻研究 provisionally explains the material and contextual scope of epigraphy. It must not be equated with the complete historical scope of 金石学 merely through a convenient label.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A constructed gate/tablet/reused-stone comparison, not a newly examined Chinese find.
Reciprocal insight
Different collecting traditions reveal which materials and contextual information disciplinary boundaries make visible or obscure.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-CORE-238-053 · Review the source or terminology
Writtenness ↔ 书面性（writtenness）
The accepted source correction or scope clarification is incorporated in this unpublished integration candidate. The previous issue is retained in its version history; the Chinese follow-up remains a translation draft requiring specialist review.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A versioned record and spoken contract/chat contrasts; competence, medium and conception remain separate.
Reciprocal insight
The translation invites the English edition to distinguish literacy as a competence from medial and conceptual writtenness.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-CORE-239-062 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Transcription ↔ 转写（含语音转写；transcription）
The English transcript fragment and overlap notation remain visible. The Chinese explanation preserves the broad scope of transcription without reducing it to pronunciation spelling or Pinyin.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An illustrative transcript format, not a newly recorded interaction; paraphrase remains the counterexample.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions can specify which temporal, phonetic and graphic information a notation selectively retains.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The explanatory heading distinguishes character mapping from sound-oriented transcription despite overlapping Chinese terminology. Reversibility in the ISO example is not generalised to Han-character-to-Pinyin conversion.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An unspecified ISO scheme for Cyrillic; no new Chinese-standard reversibility test.
Reciprocal insight
Information loss and choice of standard become shared objects of inquiry rather than cultural judgments.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-CORE-242-031 · Add conceptual and cultural comparison
Ideography ↔ 表意观念与记号方式（ideography）
The English profile already critiques a supposed direct route from signs to universal ideas. The Chinese draft preserves ideography as a historical conception and limited description rather than a classification of all Han characters.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A designed drinking-water sign, not evidence for ancient character creation or language-free understanding.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese script analysis can critique European universal-writing projects, which in turn highlight learned conventions.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
概念—逻辑文字 is an explanatory working label for deliberately rule-governed formalisation. It must not mean Han writing generally or a presuppositionless language of thought; specialist terminology remains open.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Abstract quantification and a derivation rule, not newly documented Chinese logical history.
Reciprocal insight
Different notations show both editions how primitive signs shape expressive possibilities and limitations.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
Wave must remain both an English readable word and the object of visual arrangement. The Chinese explanation keeps this double requirement rather than treating every historically pictorial character as word-image writing.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A described typographic composition, not a newly supplied image or archaeological discovery.
Reciprocal insight
Across scripts, readability, direction and spatial design can be compared without reducing a writing system to pictures.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The explanatory heading transfers the profile's overall graphic configuration well. The note appropriately separates internal character structure from page-level hierarchy.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A constant warning in two layouts as a test situation; no newly measured Chinese layout effect.
Reciprocal insight
Different scripts and displays sharpen shared accessibility tests without assigning aesthetic preferences by origin.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-NAV-G03-022 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Homography ↔ 同形关系（homography）
Lead illustrates English spelling identity with distinct pronunciations. The Chinese note correctly requires an independent lexical analysis rather than treating every multi-pronunciation character as two lexemes.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
English homography; no untested generalisation to Chinese multiple readings.
Reciprocal insight
Both scripts help distinguish graphic identity, sound identity and semantic unity as separate relations.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-103-021 · Add conceptual and cultural comparison
Icon ↔ 像似符号（icon）
The Chinese label retains structural resemblance in the transit-map example rather than meaning only pictures or interface icons. The note correctly avoids assigning entire scripts permanently to exclusive sign-type boxes.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Schematic map, traffic light and smoke; convention, likeness and actual connection are assessed separately.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese characters and diagrams can show how several sign relations operate together in one use.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
像似性 carries the relational notion of iconicity rather than pictorial likeness alone. The ordered-instructions example transfers without claiming a whole writing system has one essential iconic nature.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Sentence order and action order, not a Chinese origin story or universal processing effect.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions can name the compared dimension and test conventions and omitted properties.
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文本化 follows entextualisation rather than writing down alone. The minutes example is usable, but its contrast with an audio recording is tied to this selected account of textualisation, not all theories of text.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A model of institutional selection in minutes, not a newly analysed Chinese meeting.
Reciprocal insight
Different documentation practices reveal what authorisation, segmentation and archiving do to transient speech.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-NAV-G05-045 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Word ↔ 词（word）
Can't remains English evidence for diverging word boundaries. The Chinese note separates character, syllable and syntactic word and treats Packard's criterion as an explicit model choice.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An English contraction; 不能 would be a meaning gloss, not identical evidence of word boundaries.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese segmentation questions productively challenge apparently obvious space-based counting in English too.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-091-030 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Lexeme ↔ 词位（lexeme）
The English forms illustrate abstract lexical identity despite material variation. The Chinese rendering is workable, and a different paradigmatic organisation does not imply the absence of abstract lexical analysis.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
English inflection and suppletion, not Chinese verb paradigms.
Reciprocal insight
Comparison requires both editions to define lexeme, lemma, word form and sense separately rather than assume familiar paradigms.
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AT-NAV-G05-047 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Word form ↔ 词形（word form）
Geht/ging remains German evidence for form types, while repeated geht supplies tokens. The Chinese explanation correctly includes invariable lexemes rather than equating word form with visible inflection.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
German verb forms, not invented Chinese endings or glyph variants.
Reciprocal insight
Different form systems help test when grammatical realisation, spelling variation and repeated occurrence diverge.
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AT-NAV-G05-046 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Word class ↔ 词类（word class）
The bottle contrast is evidence from English distribution. The Chinese version rightly requires language-specific combinatorial criteria rather than inheriting a word class from its English gloss.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An English conversion case; Chinese word-class theories remain distinguishable.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese classification debates expose assumptions in English categories, while English constructions supply explicit countertests.
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AT-MOR-0001 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Morpheme ↔ 语素（morpheme）
Reusability and table retain their English shapes because the analysis concerns recurrent form–function relations, not the number of characters in a translation. The note avoids equating every Han character with a morpheme.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
English segmentation with possible surface adjustments; not a universal string-of-beads model.
Reciprocal insight
Both directions can test how free and bound units, zero expression and fusion limit visible segmentation.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The inflection definition transfers, but classifying particular Chinese markers as inflection is model-dependent. The note preserves the difference between grammatical function and English-like paradigms.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An unnamed richly inflecting language and teach/teacher; not a scale of overall grammatical capacity.
Reciprocal insight
Comparison shows how form, independent markers and order distribute communicative tasks without casting one resource as another's deficit.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-103-007 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Allomorph ↔ 语素变体（allomorph）
Cats/dogs/horses preserves the English distribution /s z ɪz/. The Chinese explanation requires morpheme identity and does not classify every graphic variant as an allomorph.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
English plural realisation, not Chinese plural inflection.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions separate systematic functional identity from mere similarity of sound, writing or meaning.
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The explanatory term captures the relation, but 不/没 must not be accepted without argument as forms of one morpheme. The note retains the model-bound claim and the distinction from synonymy.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An unnamed paradigm model and car/automobile; no new proof of historical or morphological assignments.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese negation and English paradigms jointly show that similar function alone does not establish one morphological unit.
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AT-MOR-W0088 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Affix ↔ 词缀（affix）
Unclear and clarity retain their English bases and affixes. The Chinese definition preserves bound status plus function; position or a character alone does not establish the same morphology.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
English un-/ -ity with surface adjustment, not an automatic Chinese prefix/suffix inventory.
Reciprocal insight
Affixes, bound roots and clitics can be compared through productivity, selection and distribution.
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AT-NAV-G04-036 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Prefix ↔ 前缀（prefix）
Unklar/Unfall and very clear expose the limits of initial-form similarity in German and English. The note preserves the need for structural evidence, including in historical prefix reconstruction.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
German initial forms and an English free phrase; no newly verified reconstructed Chinese prefix.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions distinguish visible synchronic order from diachronic reconstruction instead of reading modern writing as direct historical proof.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-NAV-G05-019 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Suffix ↔ 后缀（suffix）
Kind-er and freund-lich illustrate German inflection and derivation. The Chinese note retains position while requiring functional evidence rather than unifying 的/得/地/了 or inferring suffixhood from following position.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
German word forms; Chinese markers remain separately analysable comparisons.
Reciprocal insight
Separate tests of position, dependence and function prevent letter-only or character-only morphology on either side.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The accepted source correction or scope clarification is incorporated in this unpublished integration candidate. The previous issue is retained in its version history; the Chinese follow-up remains a translation draft requiring specialist review.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
English possessive ’s at a phrase edge; the apostrophe alone is not evidence.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese particle analysis and English clitic diagnostics can sharpen distinctions among syntax, morphology and prosody.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The Chinese heading preserves the difference between synchronic attachment and historical development. The second-position model establishes neither a general Chinese rule nor an inevitable history of short words.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An unnamed language with broad host selection; no new word-to-affix history.
Reciprocal insight
Comparable distributions can reveal divergence between phonological dependence and syntactic affiliation without imposing an evolutionary stage.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-NAV-G05-024 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Tense ↔ 时态（tense）
Morgen fahre ich requires its German present-tense morphology, not replicated by a Chinese gloss. The note separates temporal reference, tense and aspect without implying an inability to express time.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
German present morphology with future reference; not automatically the same Chinese tense category.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese temporal resources can correct the assumption that every temporally interpreted event requires tense endings.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The accepted source correction or scope clarification is incorporated in this unpublished integration candidate. The previous issue is retained in its version history; the Chinese follow-up remains a translation draft requiring specialist review.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
English read/was reading and leaves tomorrow; no Chinese marker experiment.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions benefit from separating viewpoint, event type and temporal location; the Chinese note also identifies an English counterexample needing precision.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
数词分类词 is an explanatory label, not automatically the whole domain of 量词. The note preserves disputed classifier/measure-word boundaries and the hypothetical status of the sheet example.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An unnamed language with two counting-unit construals; no newly verified Chinese substitution test.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese quantification can differentiate English notions of unit and object, while typology prevents treating grammatical classes as natural classes.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-CORE-238-009 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Word formation ↔ 构词（word formation）
Sprachatlas remains German form evidence and house/houses an English inflectional contrast. The Chinese draft transfers the process concept without treating a Chinese gloss as the same internal structure.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A German compound and English inflectional counterexample; Ceccagno's Chinese patterns form a separate comparison.
Reciprocal insight
Different resources show how new categories arise and when grammatical form change does not create a new lexical item.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
造词 may cover more than the narrower profile sense of coinage beyond regular combination. The heading and note preserve that scope difference rather than classifying every new formation or act of naming alike.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An unnamed partly imitative coinage; no invented historical Chinese word.
Reciprocal insight
Both terminologies can distinguish process, result, creative intention and communal uptake.
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新词／新用法 retains new senses of existing forms within the English account. The note distinguishes Packard's narrower exclusions and does not turn an earlier source's novelty into a current survey.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Hash bridges is constructed; 哈希桥 is a gloss, not an attested established Chinese term.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions can document novelty relative to time, group and domain rather than treat word lists as timeless innovations.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
词汇化 transfers the process description and the limits of frequency or dictionary inclusion as evidence. The note prevents the schematic decades-long example from becoming a newly researched word history.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An unnamed institutional designation as a process model, not a dated lexical history.
Reciprocal insight
Form stabilisation, meaning change, productivity and lexicography can be investigated separately in both languages.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The Chinese draft explains reanalysis together with actual formation direction. Its metacompounding comparison remains synchronic rather than being promoted to a shared historical derivation.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An unnamed nominal-suffix model; brevity or plausible segmentation alone does not establish historical back-formation.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions learn to test present analysability and actual formation order with different evidence.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-CORE-242-001 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Abbreviation ↔ 缩略形式（abbreviation）
AI remains an English abbreviation of artificial intelligence. The condensation process transfers, but character- or morpheme-based Chinese shortening cannot be reduced to letter initials.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
English artificial intelligence/AI; 人工智能 explains content rather than the formation of those initials.
Reciprocal insight
Both directions can ask which units are condensed and what readers must know to expand them.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The explanatory heading retains the entry's narrow word-pronunciation criterion. Packard's broader use for initial Chinese morphemes draws a different category boundary rather than merely mistranslating one term.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Constructed Music and Speech/MAS; letter-name pronunciation and retrospective expansions remain countercases.
Reciprocal insight
The comparison makes pronunciation, source unit and formation direction explicit parameters that also vary in English terminology.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The draft transfers borrowing while distinguishing material, meaning and structural pattern. Its note preserves the need for provenance evidence rather than relying on foreign appearance.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Invented languages A/B and luma, not a Chinese borrowing history.
Reciprocal insight
Contact in both directions can be traced without making resemblance prove influence, ancestry or one-way cultural dependence.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
借词／外来词 preserves local integration as the focus. The note correctly treats native plural formation as one model example, not a necessary stage in every receiving language.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An unnamed technical term with possible narrowing; isolated code-switching remains a countercase.
Reciprocal insight
Integrated items in either direction show differing adaptation of pronunciation, spelling, register and meaning.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The heading captures structural replication. Miao's broader semantic-loan usage must not dissolve this entry into every meaning-based new designation; the note preserves the distinction.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An unnamed technical designation; parallel structure without contact and chronology remains hypothetical.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions can trace material separately from copied pattern and test apparent calques against independent coinage.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
Here semantic loan means an added reading of an existing word, not every translated formation. The note distinguishes Miao's broader category and avoids treating 鼠标 as merely a new sense of 鼠.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An unnamed mouse-community model, not a verified history of a particular Chinese word.
Reciprocal insight
The comparison reveals that different scholarly traditions use the same English category more broadly or narrowly.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The explanatory Chinese heading avoids pretending a settled single technical label. The distinction between borrowing a ready-made word and productive further formation is preserved; 咖 comparisons still need their own histories.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An unnamed occupation label with borrowed stem and local suffix, not a Chinese inflectional template.
Reciprocal insight
Both directions can examine when borrowed material becomes productive rather than equate origin with present foreignness.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The accepted source correction or scope clarification is incorporated in this unpublished integration candidate. The previous issue is retained in its version history; the Chinese follow-up remains a translation draft requiring specialist review.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An unnamed stem/suffix model with inflection, not a universal path of Chinese formation.
Reciprocal insight
The identical translation exposes an existing Atlas overlap and invites a reasoned rather than cosmetic editorial organisation.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The accepted source correction or scope clarification is incorporated in this unpublished integration candidate. The previous issue is retained in its version history; the Chinese follow-up remains a translation draft requiring specialist review.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
German Downloadbereich; 下载区 is a meaning translation, not evidence of the same component provenance.
Reciprocal insight
Script mixture, provenance and production patterns can be separated in both directions; Latin plus Han script alone proves no hybrid formation.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-DEP4-0005 · Add conceptual and cultural comparison
Debate about loanwords ↔ 外来词使用争议（debate about loanwords）
The deadline/submission-date debate remains an English normative and accessibility case. The Chinese note does not turn Miao's proposals into current policy or ascribe purism to a whole community.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A university model; window/Old Norse is inherited bounded etymological information, not newly checked here.
Reciprocal insight
Both publics can separate accessibility, institutional power and symbolic foreignness using comparable criteria.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-103-010 · Add conceptual and cultural comparison
Lexical gap ↔ 词汇空缺（lexical gap）
Lexical gap transfers, but the gender-neutral German kinship example remains a bounded inventory claim without a new exhaustive check. The Chinese note explicitly separates a missing single label from missing experience, thought or translatability.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
The German example retains standard-usage, frequency and gender-neutrality conditions; no equation with Chinese kinship terminology.
Reciprocal insight
Different compressed kinship labels show what a single word packages and what paraphrase or context can supply.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-CORE-238-020 · Review the source or terminology
Phraseological unit ↔ 固定表达／熟语性单位（phraseological unit）
The explanatory label is broader than 成语 and preserves varying fixedness within the English umbrella category. Thread and reweave remain English material rather than a purported matching Chinese idiom.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An English fixed phrase and variation; Chinese subclassifications require explicit criteria.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese subtype distinctions can differentiate the English umbrella, whose broad criteria also reveal units beyond four-character idioms.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
谚语 retains transmission, concision and a generalising claim. The note correctly avoids treating the adapted English example as a newly attested traditional English proverb.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A model accessibility reply, not a historical utterance or a belief shared by everyone.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions can examine endorsement, objection and ironic use rather than treat transmission as a guarantee of truth.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The draft captures idiomatization as a process rather than an inventory. It separates fixedness, non-compositionality and frequency without inventing a historical sequence for open a door.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
The English door metaphor as a process model, not the history of Chinese 开门.
Reciprocal insight
Both languages can test several independent indicators instead of deriving development from present-day origin stories.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
词语搭配 retains statistical and conventional preference. Jiao's use of collocations for 惯用语 draws another category boundary, and heavy/weighty rain is not a newly computed corpus result here.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
English lexical selection in a stipulated corpus, not a Chinese frequency result.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions can distinguish category labels from empirical co-occurrence and document corpus size, register and baseline.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
程式化语言 transfers prefabricated units without implying thoughtlessness. The note keeps processing claims testable rather than assuming every formula is stored as an indivisible whole.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An English closing formula with a functional gloss, not universally equivalent politeness.
Reciprocal insight
Different routines show how reuse and variation coexist without opposing originality to social language practice.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The heading retains recurring social action as the criterion. The draft separates frequency from function and keeps sincerity, distance and irony dependent on context.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An editorial acknowledgement with an English formula and Chinese functional explanation.
Reciprocal insight
Interactional data from either language can compare expected next moves and relationships without assigning fixed national politeness values.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The draft preserves claimed wording identity and changed framing. It labels the translation and separates a historical text's speaker, attributed author and present quoter.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A constructed report retaining an English sentence; the earlier Analects comparison is not repeated in this audit.
Reciprocal insight
Both directions show that accurate wording, attribution and fair contextualisation require separate checks.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The heading preserves indirect recognisability, but the English example supplies no uniquely recoverable work. The Chinese note keeps that limitation visible rather than inventing a Godot reference or equating allusion with 用典.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Waiting for the final act as a broad theatrical association, not an established unique source.
Reciprocal insight
Explicit and indirect reference traditions can sharpen the evidential threshold between a general motif and a supported allusion.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-RES6-0007 · Add conceptual and cultural comparison
Intertextuality ↔ 互文性（intertextuality）
互文性 transfers the relational field, while the biblical pattern remains in its English wording. The Chinese gloss is not attributed to a particular Bible translation, and reception is not equated with intention.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
In the beginning was the path as a constructed variation, not an attested historical travel account.
Reciprocal insight
Recognisability across translations shows how textual memory remains version-bound while opening new relations.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-METZ5-0009 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Wordplay ↔ 文字游戏／语词游戏（wordplay）
The two readings of sides can be explained but are not identically reproduced by Chinese 面 in every distribution. The note keeps several wordplay mechanisms available rather than reducing them to homophony.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
English sides with Chinese meaning guidance, not a demonstrated equally effective pun.
Reciprocal insight
Both languages can compare sound, writing, segmentation and ambiguity without ranking creativity by the availability of one resource.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-119-004 · Explain the language-specific mechanism
Paronomasia ↔ 近音词并置（paronomasia）
Progress/process is already an English adaptation of Fortschritt/Fort-Schritt, not the same segmentation. The Chinese draft explains the difference without inventing a supposedly equivalent sound play across all three versions.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
English sound resemblance and a separate German segmentation, not a Chinese sound recording.
Reciprocal insight
The three-way comparison exposes retained and lost operations and warns the DE/EN editors against fictitious formal fidelity.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The accepted source correction or scope clarification is incorporated in this unpublished integration candidate. The previous issue is retained in its version history; the Chinese follow-up remains a translation draft requiring specialist review.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An English fairy-tale opening in a research abstract; significance and genre expectations need explanation, not a new effect claim.
Reciprocal insight
The audit identifies a source-catalogue error and supports comparison of genre parody, variation and appreciative continuation without national humour types.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The explanatory heading bridges English maxim and German Sentenz without assuming exact identity with 格言/箴言/名言. The methodological sentence remains constructed rather than acquiring an ancient author.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A general methodological warning as a constructed model, not a newly attested traditional maxim.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions can separately compare authorship, transmission, brevity and generality rather than rely on one wisdom label.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The working heading preserves the open-ended thought impulse of aphorism. The standpoint tension can be explained, but 立场 does not guarantee all spatial and epistemic associations of the English wording.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A constructed map sentence with a perspectival point, not a historical aphorism.
Reciprocal insight
The editions can show how brevity opens thought without making functional proximity prove identical genre history.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The heading conveys wear through schematic rather than merely frequent repetition. The note avoids devaluing fixed expressions or 成语 simply because they are reusable.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A typified researcher portrait, not a claim about a real person or all reports.
Reciprocal insight
Both audiences can distinguish precise routine, vivid reuse and obscuring templates while acknowledging different degrees of familiarity.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-CORE-239-019 · Add conceptual and cultural comparison
Commonplace ↔ 共有论题／常用论题（commonplace；修辞意义）
The heading preserves the historically productive rhetorical sense rather than only the derogatory everyday sense of commonplace. 无常 glosses transience without establishing a particular Buddhist lineage.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A general memorial-speech model and unsupported reassurance; no newly identified doctrinal genealogy.
Reciprocal insight
Both conceptual histories show how shared resources enable inquiry or empty reassurance and how a similar word can import another background.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-CORE-238-031 · Add conceptual and cultural comparison
Argumentatio ↔ 论证部分（argumentatio）
论证部分 plus argumentatio denotes a particular rhetorical functional tradition, not argumentation generally. The note prevents analytical comparability from becoming a claim of identical historical speech arrangement.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A constructed building speech with costs and objection, not a documented ancient or Chinese speech.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions can compare reasons and situational arrangement without making one Latin division a worldwide norm.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
论题 as topic alone is too narrow for the heuristic and cultural-historical senses of topos. The expanded heading preserves that range without assigning a newly verified Chinese origin to the ship-of-state image.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A constructed ship-of-state variation, not a first-attestation or influence claim.
Reciprocal insight
Reusable search patterns can be separated from motifs and mere topic similarity across repertoires without premature identity claims.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-OXD-0004 · Add conceptual and cultural comparison
Invention ↔ 论据与材料的发现（inventio）
The explanatory heading preserves invention as responsible discovery, not fabrication. The short extract does not claim to translate the full later Llull/AI windows or newly verify their historical sources.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A library speech as a search plan, not already found historical evidence or valid arguments.
Reciprocal insight
Chinese and Latin-influenced production accounts can compare search, selection and formulation without imposing a rigid universal psychology.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The heading explains dispositio without treating 章法 as a historically identical system. The note separates order from deductive/inductive validity and leaves the report's rearrangement open to contextual assessment.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An invented incident report with a changed opening, not a controlled effect result.
Reciprocal insight
Different traditions reveal expectations of opening, responsibility and objection without making one of them natural reader psychology.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-RHE-209-001 · Add conceptual and cultural comparison
Exemplum ↔ 例证（exemplum；修辞性个案）
例证 preserves the rhetorically deployed case, but the cartographer example has no identified historical source in the profile. The note keeps it illustrative rather than treating vividness as factual proof.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An unnamed cartographer; no invented person, date or securely reconstructed event.
Reciprocal insight
Case traditions can compare relevance, accessibility and evidential quality instead of equating stories with induction.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-CORE-238-002 · Add conceptual and cultural comparison
Ethos ↔ 言说中呈现的可信品格（ethos）
The explanatory Chinese heading preserves discursively produced credibility rather than equating ethos with moral virtue or prestige. 德/诚信 remain comparative historical questions, and later Greek-value and organisational windows are not fully translated here.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Constructed acknowledgement of a speaker's limits, not ancient authorship or truth assurance.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions can separate reputation, knowledge, moral evaluation and situated credibility while comparing ways of displaying responsibility.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
The draft explains relational affective force without automatically making pathos pejorative emotional manipulation. It separates felt relevance from proof and from the speaker's own feelings.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An illustrative physician/empty-chair image, not patient data, infection measurement or medical advice.
Reciprocal insight
Both versions can ask when affective presentation opens understanding or narrows scrutiny without inventing emotional culture types.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-ARG-W0243 · Add conceptual and cultural comparison
Enthymeme ↔ 省略式论证（enthymeme）
The accepted source correction or scope clarification is incorporated in this unpublished integration candidate. The previous issue is retained in its version history; the Chinese follow-up remains a translation draft requiring specialist review.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A methodological source example and schematic Socrates argument, not an ancient conversation record.
Reciprocal insight
Both directions can analyse supplied assumptions without classifying every unspoken meaning as a premise or every tradition as abbreviated syllogistic.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
直言三段论 correctly restricts the categorical scheme. The draft separates validity from premise truth and does not treat repeated wording as a guarantee of an unchanged middle term.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An explicitly invented museum rule, not actual photography permission or a full history of syllogism.
Reciprocal insight
Both languages can test shifts of meaning and existence assumptions; logical scrutiny does not require an identical traditional label.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
演绎推理 retains truth preservation under stated rules rather than direction from general to particular alone. The note separates present analytical comparison from historical Chinese self-description.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Boxes as a logical model, not a conducted survey or a particular historical lineage.
Reciprocal insight
A shared validity criterion can illuminate diverse arguments while historical terminology and transmission are independently investigated.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
归纳推理 transfers defeasible extension from observations to expectations while retaining sampling conditions. The twelve corpora remain a demonstration rather than a newly conducted study.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A hypothetical repair pattern and train countercase; textual order is not evidence of induction.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions can compare selection, variation and counterinstances without assigning induction to national writing habits.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-ARG-W0236 · Add conceptual and cultural comparison
Abduction ↔ 溯因推理／解释性假说推理（abduction）
The explanatory heading preserves the difference between hypothesis generation and later inference-to-best-explanation accounts. The note does not invent a historical Chinese precursor or turn a conjecture into a tested result.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Recording pauses as a research model; the Peirce background is inherited rather than newly checked against primary sources.
Reciprocal insight
The versions can separate opening an explanation from proving it and examine multiple historical conceptual paths together.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-CORE-243-008 · Review the source or terminology
Conclusion ↔ 结论（conclusion）
结论 transfers the supported claim while separating inferential status from textual position. The Chinese note also avoids implying that inductive or abductive support automatically supplies a numerical probability.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A provisional watermark-test model, not an authenticity appraisal; 合 is not an unchecked complete equivalent.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions can separate final section, summary and accountable inference while making the English account's compression visible.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
反驳／驳斥 transfers defeating a claim or its support without requiring proof of the opposite. The example retains the universal scope that one correctly classified counterinstance can refute.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
A demonstration of a universal sample claim, not a new corpus study; probabilistic trends require another test.
Reciprocal insight
Both editions can test reasons rather than persons and compare debate traditions without counting suppression or mere disagreement as refutation.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
谬误 retains a defect in claimed support rather than equating it with lying or intentional sophistry. The draft separates faulty inference, a true conclusion and mere disagreement.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
Alarm/test circuitry as a logical countermodel, not actual device diagnosis.
Reciprocal insight
Both directions can separate a demonstrated defect from a dismissive label and describe unintended errors without attributing cultural motives.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
AT-ADD-20261020-0038 · Review the source or terminology
Burden of proof and justification ↔ 论证责任（burden of proof and justification）
论证责任 avoids equating the profile's everyday argumentative focus with legal burden of proof. The note retains the distinct burden of a new counterclaim and permits shared uncertainty.
Example, reciprocal learning and source binding
Treatment of the example
An invented conflict-counting meeting, not real statistics or current law.
Reciprocal insight
Both versions can distinguish asserting a claim, requesting evidence and choosing contextual standards without universalising a legal system.
Source-field hashes are separately bound for this entry. They establish provenance, not specialist endorsement.
These categories organise editorial work. They do not establish that a population lacks a movement of thought or that a language is intrinsically unable to express a question.
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Audit of all 176 Chinese short extracts · Atlas of Language